MICHEL MARTIN, HOST:
Almost 500 people have been killed in Israeli attacks on Lebanon, according to Lebanese officials. That's the worst death toll in a day of fighting there in many years.
STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:
Yesterday, Israel launched hundreds of airstrikes into almost everywhere the militant group Hezbollah has a presence, including the southern suburbs of the capital, Beirut. Tens of thousands of people fled their homes.
MARTIN: NPR's Jane Arraf was on that road and is with us now from Beirut. Good morning, Jane.
JANE ARRAF, BYLINE: Good morning, Michel.
MARTIN: Jane, this has to be a terrifying situation. What was it like in the midst of all of this?
ARRAF: Yeah, we were inside - in south of Beirut, and as we got closer, soldiers had turned that four-lane highway going both ways into a one-way escape route north.
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ARRAF: It was bumper to bumper. Eight or nine people crammed into some cars. I saw a vegetable truck with more than a dozen children in the back. One car, there was a little girl hanging out of a sunroof, holding a stuffed doll. A couple of guys were sitting in the open trunk of another car. And we met one man who had walked and hitchhiked for the last six hours to escape the airstrikes. A businessman, Bilal Hamadi (ph), told us he and his family left after he received a call telling him to evacuate.
BILAL HAMADI: (Through interpreter) There was a message from the Israeli army on the landline in broken Arabic. They told me to leave the area. I said, thank you. What could I do?
ARRAF: Hamadi and his family were going to stay with friends in Beirut. But a lot of people had nowhere to go, and they had left so quickly, they had nothing with them. On the highway, volunteers were handing out bottles of water to passing vehicles.
MARTIN: Was there any warning?
ARRAF: Well, it's been building. Israel and Hezbollah have been trading attacks across the Lebanese-Israeli border since the war in Gaza began last October. But last week, Michel, it took an unprecedented turn. Israel detonated thousands of pagers and walkie-talkies. It had interrupted Hezbollah's supply chain and inserted explosives. Dozens of people were killed - Hezbollah fighters, but also office and medical workers and even children - 3,500 people were wounded. Yesterday, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu gave this address.
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PRIME MINISTER BENJAMIN NETANYAHU: I have a message for the people of Lebanon. Israel's war is not with you. It's with Hezbollah. For too long, Hezbollah has been using you as human shields. It placed rockets in your living rooms and missiles in your garage.
ARRAF: But Hezbollah's role in Lebanese society isn't that simple. The Iran-backed group was initially created after the Israeli invasion of Lebanon in 1982 to defend the country. It's much stronger than the Lebanese army, and it's really interwoven into society here in many places. It provides health care services, support to widows and orphans - things the government doesn't do.
MARTIN: So, Jane, how is Hezbollah responding to all this?
ARRAF: They seem to be scrambling. The pager attacks were a huge security breach, and an Israeli attack a couple of days later in Beirut, killing a top commander, was seen as evidence of a spy network. So Hezbollah has launched retaliatory attacks into northern Israel, which it says were aimed at military targets. But it's indicated that it has not yet avenged last week's attacks, and we don't know what form that could take. And amid all that, there are fears that Lebanon, which is already a very weak state, could collapse if there's all-out war.
MARTIN: That is NPR's Jane Arraf reporting from Beirut. Jane, thank you.
ARRAF: Thank you.
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MARTIN: Vice President Kamala Harris has made four campaign stops in the battleground state of Wisconsin since she became the presidential nominee.
INSKEEP: Look at one of those election maps, and you can see the Democratic votes in Wisconsin are clustered in a handful of places, including the blue counties right around the college town of Madison, which is where Harris visited on Friday. She needs to pile up votes in the blue areas and limit the damage in rural counties that lean heavily red. So what issues does she highlight in this swing state?
MARTIN: This week, Harris spoke with Wisconsin Public Radio about the issues that are hitting home there. Kate Archer Kent is co-host of "Wisconsin Today." She had an interview with Harris, and she's here to tell us what they talked about. Kate, good morning.
KATE ARCHER KENT, BYLINE: Good morning. Thank you, Michel.
MARTIN: Thanks for coming. So first, set the scene for us. Wisconsin is your home state. It's also a swing state. What has been Vice President Harris' message there?
ARCHER KENT: Her campaign is very focused on abortion rights. And here in Wisconsin, we had a law from 1849 on the books that was used to dispute whether abortions were legal in the state, but abortion services did return last year when a judge here determined the law doesn't ban abortion. And I asked Harris about how she would work with Congress to pass a federal bill to restore abortion rights. And she said that she thinks it's well within Democrats' reach to hold on to the majority in the Senate and to take back the House in November. And she said she supports changing the Senate filibuster rules in order to pass a bill codifying abortion rights.
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VICE PRESIDENT KAMALA HARRIS: I think we should eliminate the filibuster for Roe, and we need - and get us to the point where we - 51 votes would be what we need to actually put back in law the protections for reproductive freedom and for the ability of every person and every woman to make decisions about their own body and not have their government tell them what to do.
ARCHER KENT: And of course, currently, with that filibuster, most legislation needs support from at least 60 senators to move forward.
MARTIN: One other issue we're seeing across the country is concern over the lack of affordable housing. You asked Harris about that and asked her how to address the issue in Wisconsin. What did she say?
ARCHER KENT: Well, I asked her this because Wisconsin is seeing a big jump in housing prices. And she said that she can relate to renters because she grew up with a mom who was a renter, and she was a teenager before her mother could afford to buy a home. And she said she would want to have 3 million homes built in her first term and give first-time homebuyers help with making that first mortgage down payment with $25,000 in assistance.
MARTIN: So what other issues are figuring prominently for Wisconsin voters that you asked her about?
ARCHER KENT: Well, I asked her about how to deal with toxic chemicals known as PFAS that are contaminating drinking water around Wisconsin and whether she would press for stricter federal regulations on these forever chemicals. There are some communities here, Michel, that have been living on bottled water for years now due to this pollution in their wells. And she said the Biden administration is funding billions in water infrastructure projects around the country to clean up drinking water and to replace lead pipes. And she said nearly $2 billion of that funding is going to Wisconsin.
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HARRIS: The work that we are also doing - which I've been a leader on, frankly - which is dealing with lead pipes and eliminating lead pipes.
ARCHER KENT: She also tried to draw a contrast between her and former President Trump on this issue, saying he has sided with companies that are polluting. And we've asked former President Trump and vice presidential nominee Senator JD Vance to be on our show and to discuss this issue and others facing Wisconsinites.
MARTIN: And what have they said?
ARCHER KENT: We haven't heard back yet.
MARTIN: You can hear Harris' full interview with Kate Archer Kent later today on Wisconsin Public Radio. Kate Archer Kent in Madison, thank you so much.
ARCHER KENT: You're welcome.
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MARTIN: The attorney general of California has filed a lawsuit against ExxonMobil, alleging it lied to the American public for decades about whether plastic could be recycled.
INSKEEP: The state's top prosecutor filed the lawsuit yesterday. His suit also calls out Exxon's attempt to blame the public for a plastic crisis the prosecutor says the oil company created. This suit cites a lot of our reporting here at NPR, along with PBS "Frontline."
MARTIN: NPR correspondent Laura Sullivan has done a lot of this reporting. She's been following this case, and she is with us now. Good morning, Laura.
LAURA SULLIVAN, BYLINE: Good morning.
MARTIN: What specifically is the suit alleging ExxonMobil has done?
SULLIVAN: Well, the suit says that the company violated laws around false advertising and creating an unfair competition and a public nuisance. It also cites them actually for pollution. But the premise of that is that ExxonMobil, along with the oil industry as a whole, knew as far back as the 1970s that plastic recycling was never going to work. I mean, it's expensive. It's difficult. It's toxic. But the suit says that the company set out on this ambitious plan to deceive consumers about recycling so that they would, you know, buy more plastic. And so here's Attorney General Rob Bonta.
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ROB BONTA: The company has propped up sham solutions, manipulated the public and lied to consumers. It's time ExxonMobil pays the price for its deceit.
MARTIN: What sort of evidence or examples does the suit include?
SULLIVAN: The attorney general's staff unearthed dozens of internal documents between the oil company and industry executives, where they appear to acknowledge to each other that recycling plastic doesn't work but then turned around and told the public the opposite. Here at NPR, we've seen some of these same memos as part of our own investigative work. In fact, the lawsuit cites NPR and "Frontline" six times.
But one of the point of - points of contention that people will probably recognize is the chasing-arrows recycling symbol that was stamped onto the bottom of all plastic for decades. And the suit alleges that Exxon and other companies manipulated states into requiring that stamp, even though the industry knew that it was misleading.
MARTIN: How has ExxonMobil responded?
SULLIVAN: The company said in a statement that recycling works and that California is just trying to blame them because the state can't get its recycling act together. You know, they said they have processed 60 million pounds of plastic so far.
MARTIN: Sixty million pounds - OK, so they're sticking with the original message.
SULLIVAN: Exactly.
MARTIN: But is the state seeking damages?
SULLIVAN: It's interesting. They're not in the traditional sense. The state wants Exxon to pay billions of dollars to remedy the problem. It's - there's a little bit of cleanup. But mostly, they say they want Exxon to reeducate the public. Here's - Attorney General Bonta said it this way.
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BONTA: To have ExxonMobil stop lying, stop deceiving the public, stop manipulating consumers, stop gaslighting us and tell the truth.
SULLIVAN: Bonta says he wants Exxon to explain to the public that the vast majority of all the plastic that they're holding in their hands is not actually recyclable. It's just trash.
MARTIN: That is NPR correspondent Laura Sullivan. Laura, thank you.
SULLIVAN: Thanks so much. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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